Pain Management in Geriatric Patients by Nurses: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56861/jkepun.v1i1.16Keywords:
Pain Management, Geriatric Patients, Literature Review, Geriatric Nursing.Abstract
This study is a narrative literature review that aims to identify and synthesize scientific evidence related to pain management in geriatric patients by nurses. This approach was chosen to understand the strategies, models and interventions used in nursing practice, as well as the challenges of their implementation in various healthcare contexts. The search was conducted on a number of scientific databases with strict inclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the studies analyzed. The review showed that pain management in geriatric patients requires a holistic and individualized approach, integrating physical, psychological and social aspects. The biopsychosocial model, gate control theory, and ABCDE Pain Management framework are important cornerstones in the practice of pain assessment and intervention. Non-pharmacological interventions such as music therapy, relaxation, and warm compresses have proven effective as a complement to pharmacological therapy. However, challenges remain, including communication barriers in patients with cognitive impairment, the risk of polypharmacy, and limited nurse knowledge and resources. Therefore, continuous training, development of evidence-based guidelines, and interprofessional collaboration are needed to ensure safe, effective, and patient-centered pain management for the elderly.
References
Adinda, P. T., Aryanto, C. B., & Tunjungsari, L. H. (2020). Gambaran self-compassion perawat instalasi gawat darurat di Jakarta. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat, 7(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.24854/jpu99
Aditya, R., & Khoiriyah, K. (2021). Aplikasi Terapi Pijat Refleksi Kaki terhadap Penurunan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi di Kecamatan Lowokwaru Kota Malang. Holistic Nursing Care Approach, 1(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.26714/hnca.v1i1.8264
Aggarwal, H., Chaware, S., & Aggarwal, H. (2022). A Critical Study on the Impact of Dementia on Older People Undergoing Treatment in Care Homes [Review of A Critical Study on the Impact of Dementia on Older People Undergoing Treatment in Care Homes]. Cureus. Cureus, Inc. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30056
Ainiyah, N., Ahsan, A., & Fathoni, M. (2015). The Factors Associated with The Triage Implementation in Emergency Department. Jurnal NERS, 10(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.20473/jn.v10i12015.147-157
Alanazi, M. A., Shaban, M. M., Ramadan, O. M. E., Zaky, M. E., Mohammed, H. H., Amer, F. G. M., & Shaban, M. (2024). Navigating end-of-life decision-making in nursing: a systematic review of ethical challenges and palliative care practices [Review of Navigating end-of-life decision-making in nursing: a systematic review of ethical challenges and palliative care practices]. BMC Nursing, 23(1). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-024-02087-5
Amila, A., Sitorus, R., & Herawati, T. (2015). Pengaruh Pemberian Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) terhadap Kemampuan Fungsional Komunikasi dan Depresi Pasien Afasia Motorik. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia, 18(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v18i2.410
Apriyanto, I., Sulistyowati, Y., & Utami, S. (2023). Determinan Faktor Risiko Kejadian Hipertensi di Wilayah Kerja UPTD Puskesmas Sukamulya Kabupaten Tangerang Provinsi Banten Tahun 2021. Jurnal Untuk Masyarakat Sehat (JUKMAS), 7(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.52643/jukmas.v7i1.3066
Astutik, M. F., & Mariyam, M. (2021). Penurunan Tekanan Darah Pada Lansia Dengan Hipertensi Menggunakan Terapi Rendam Kaki Dengan Air Hangat. Ners Muda, 2(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.26714/nm.v2i1.7347
Bachtiar, F. (2019). Pengaruh Senam Otak terhadap Kesehatan Mental Lanjut Usia. Jurnal Fisioterapi Dan Rehabilitasi, 3(2), 62. https://doi.org/10.33660/jfrwhs.v3i2.77
Batubara, K., Syam, B., & Wahyuni, S. (2020). Job Demands–Resources Model Affects the Performance of Associate Nurses in Hospital. Deleted Journal, 23(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v23i2.1132
Bernatzky, G., Presch, M., Anderson, M., & Panksepp, J. (2011). Emotional foundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain management tool in modern medicine [Review of Emotional foundations of music as a non-pharmacological pain management tool in modern medicine]. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(9), 1989. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.06.005
Budiman, N. T., & Widjaja, I. F. (2020). Gambaran derajat nyeri pada pasien osteoarthritis genu di Rumah Sakit Royal Taruma Jakarta Barat. Tarumanagara Medical Journal, 2(2), 372. https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v3i1.9744
Bullock, L., Bedson, J., Jordan, J. L., Bartlam, B., Chew‐Graham, C., & Campbell, P. (2019). Pain assessment and pain treatment for community‐dwelling people with dementia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis [Review of Pain assessment and pain treatment for community‐dwelling people with dementia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis]. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(6), 807. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5078
Canggra, M., & Dewi, A. K. (2021). Gambaran gejala sindrom genitourinaria pada perempuan pasca menopause di Panti Werdha Wisma Mulia dan Panti Werdha Berea Jakarta Barat. Tarumanagara Medical Journal, 3(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.24912/tmj.v3i2.11751
Chau, D. (2008). Opiates and elderly: Use and side effects [Review of Opiates and elderly: Use and side effects]. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 273. Dove Medical Press. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s1847
Chi, N., Fu, Y., Nakad, L., Barani, E., Gilbertson‐White, S., Tripp‐Reimer, T., & Herr, K. (2022). Family Caregiver Challenges in Pain Management for Patients with Advanced Illnesses: A Systematic Review [Review of Family Caregiver Challenges in Pain Management for Patients with Advanced Illnesses: A Systematic Review]. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 25(12), 1865. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0806
Chlan, L. L., & Halm, M. A. (2013). Does Music Ease Pain and Anxiety in the Critically Ill? [Review of Does Music Ease Pain and Anxiety in the Critically Ill?]. American Journal of Critical Care, 22(6), 528. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2013998
Dewi, W. P., Peristiowati, Y., Nurwijayanti, Wardani, R., & Indasah. (2022). Determinants of Satisfaction of Inpatients in Hospitals. JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH, 5(2), 444. https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v5i2.332
Estebsari, F., Dastoorpoor, M., Kandi, Z. R. K., Nouri, A., Mostafaei, D., Hosseini, M., Esmaeili, R., & Aghababaeian, H. (2019). The Concept of Successful Aging: A Review Article [Review of The Concept of Successful Aging: A Review Article]. Current Aging Science, 13(1), 4. Bentham Science Publishers. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874609812666191023130117
Ferrell, B. A., Ferrell, B. R., & Osterweil, D. (1990). Pain in the Nursing Home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38(4), 409. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1990.tb03538.x
Fitriyani, F., Jannah, M., & Wardi, V. (2022). DETERMINAN STRES KERJA PADA PERAWAT INSTALASI GAWAT DARURAT DAN UNIT PERAWATAN INTENSIF DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH dr. RASIDIN PADANG. Deleted Journal, 18(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.19184/ikesma.v18i1.23362
Fujianti, M. E. Y., Wuryaningsih, E. W., & Kurniyawan, E. H. (2020). Relationship between Workload with the Professional Quality of Life of Community Health Nursing in the Health Center Agriculture Area ofJember. Jurnal Keperawatan, 10(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.22219/jk.v10i2.8669
Goldsmith, E. S., Murdoch, M., Taylor, B., Greer, N., MacDonald, R., McKenzie, L., & Rosebush, C. (2017). Rapid Evidence Review: Measures for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525003/
Groß, W., Linden, U., & Ostermann, T. (2010). Effects of music therapy in the treatment of children with delayed speech development - results of a pilot study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-39
Helti, M. R., & Dedi, D. (2020). PENGARUH RENDAM AIR HANGAT PADA KAKI TERHADAP INSOMNIA PADA LANSIA DI DESA TENGAH KECAMATAN PANTAI LABU KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG TAHUN 2018. Jurnal Ilmiah Kebidanan Imelda, 6(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.52943/jikebi.v6i1.387
Husebø, B. S., Achterberg, W. P., & Flo, E. (2016). Identifying and Managing Pain in People with Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Types of Dementia: A Systematic Review [Review of Identifying and Managing Pain in People with Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Types of Dementia: A Systematic Review]. CNS Drugs, 30(6), 481. Adis, Springer Healthcare. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0342-7
Iaboni, A., Campitelli, M. A., Bronskill, S. E., Diong, C., Kumar, M., Maclagan, L. C., Gomes, T., Tadrous, M., & Maxwell, C. J. (2019). Time trends in opioid prescribing among Ontario long-term care residents: a repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20190052
Jeong, S. H., Lee, S. J., Cho, S. M., & Cho, H. (2020). Systematic Review on the Influencing Factors of Nurses’ and Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward Hospice and Palliative Care [Review of Systematic Review on the Influencing Factors of Nurses’ and Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward Hospice and Palliative Care]. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 22(2), 130. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1097/njh.0000000000000627
Jónsdóttir, Þ., & Gunnarsson, E. C. (2020). Understanding Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pain Assessment in Dementia: A Literature Review [Review of Understanding Nurses’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Pain Assessment in Dementia: A Literature Review]. Pain Management Nursing, 22(3), 281. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.11.002
Kasita, S. E., Lutandry, R., Ferdinand, S., & Fadillah, Q. (2022). DIAGNOSTIC AND MANAGEMENT OVERVIEW OF COVID-19 ELDERLY PATIENTS AT ROYAL PRIMA HOSPITAL MEDAN. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 4(1), 461. https://doi.org/10.35971/jjhsr.v4i1.12207
Kemper, K. J., & Danhauer, S. C. (2005). Music as Therapy [Review of Music as Therapy]. Southern Medical Journal, 98(3), 282. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.smj.0000154773.11986.39
Khasanah, N. N., & Rustina, Y. (2017). Menurunkan Skala Nyeri Bayi Prematur melalui Facilitated Tucking disertai ‘Hadir-Berbicara’ sebagai Upaya Penerapan Teori Comfort Kolcaba. JNKI (Jurnal Ners Dan Kebidanan Indonesia) (Indonesian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery), 5(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2017.5(2).83-90
Kurdi, F., Kholis, A. H., Hidayah, N., & Fitriasari, M. (2020). STRESS PASIEN DENGAN ULKUS KAKI DIABETIKUM DI AL HIJRAH WOUND CARE CENTER JOMBANG. Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan (Scientific Journal of Nursing), 6(1), 128. https://doi.org/10.33023/jikep.v6i1.577
Kwan, M., & Seah, A. (2013). Music therapy as a non-pharmacological adjunct to pain management: Experiences at an acute hospital in Singapore. Progress in Palliative Care, 21(3), 151. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743291x12y.0000000042
Magi, C. E., Longobucco, Y., Amato, C., Camedda, C., Balestri, C., Aoufy, K. E., Iovino, P., Bambi, S., & Rasero, L. (2024). Enhancing the comfort of hospitalized elderly patients: pain management strategies for painful nursing procedures. Frontiers in Medicine, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1390695
Maringga, E. G., & Ivantarina, D. (2023). Pemberdayaan Kelompok Teman Sebaya: Edukasi Penggunaan Terapi Komplementer Untuk Mengurangi Dismenorea Primer. Jurnal ABDINUS Jurnal Pengabdian Nusantara, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.29407/ja.v7i1.17334
Maryunani, A., Hariyati, Rr. T. S., & Novieastari, E. (2021). Phenomenological Study on the Experience of Male Nurses in Caring for Female Patients. Deleted Journal, 24(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.7454/jki.v24i1.690
McDermott, O., Orrell, M., & Ridder, H. M. O. (2014). The importance of music for people with dementia: the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists. Aging & Mental Health, 18(6), 706. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.875124
Mollaoğlu, S., & Mollaoğlu, M. (2023). Music and Its Healing Effects. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113900
Mustika, I. W., & Pratiwi, N. P. I. M. (2022). Behavior to Overcome Rheumatic Pain in the Elderly. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 12(5), 114. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i5.5651
Mustikaningsih, D. (2021). Efektifitas Pelaksanaan Asuhan Keperawatan Spiritual Islam Terhadap Beban Kerja Perawat. Jurnal Kepemimpinan Dan Manajemen Keperawatan, 4(2), 143. https://doi.org/10.32584/jkmk.v4i2.1008
Namukwaya, E., Leng, M., Downing, J., & Katabira, E. (2011). Cancer Pain Management in Resource-Limited Settings: A Practice Review [Review of Cancer Pain Management in Resource-Limited Settings: A Practice Review]. Pain Research and Treatment, 2011, 1. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/393404
Nikmah, B. K., Fariz, A., Kusuma, W. T., & Sartoyo, S. (2023). Pengaruh Latihan Isometric Quadriceps Terhadap Penurunan Nyeri Lutut Pada Pasien Osteoarthritis Knee Bilateral Di RS Wava Husada Kepanjen. Jurnal Keperawatan Muhammadiyah, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.30651/jkm.v8i1.16075
Nuraeni, N. (2022). Persepsi Klien Gagal Ginjal Kronis yang Menjalani Hemodialisa tentang Dukungan Psikologis Perawat di Unit Pelayanan Hemodialisa RS. Immanuel Bandung. Formosa Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(4), 595. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjas.v1i4.1349
Nurmalia, D., & Khoirinnissa, N. (2021). Persepsi Perawat Tentang Integrasi Perangkat Berbasis Teknologi Internet of Things (IoT) Dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan Di Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Kepemimpinan Dan Manajemen Keperawatan, 4(2), 199. https://doi.org/10.32584/jkmk.v4i2.1074
Podgorski, C., Anderson, S., & Parmar, J. (2021). A Biopsychosocial-Ecological Framework for Family-Framed Dementia Care [Review of A Biopsychosocial-Ecological Framework for Family-Framed Dementia Care]. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744806
Pribadi, T., & Herwan, H. (2019). Caring behaviors by nurses in patients’ perceptions and experiencing an anxiety during hospitalization. Malahayati International Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.33024/minh.v2i2.2198
Quail, Z., Carter, M. M., Wei, A., & Li, X. (2020). Management of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease using a non-pharmacological intervention program. Medicine, 99(21). https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000020128
Raglio, A., Filippi, S., Bellandi, D., & Stramba‐Badiale, M. (2014). Global music approach to persons with dementia: evidence and practice. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1669. https://doi.org/10.2147/cia.s71388
Risnah, R., Hr, R., Azhar, M., & Irwan, M. (2019). TERAPI NON FARMAKOLOGI DALAM PENANGANAN DIAGNOSIS NYERI PADA FRAKTUR :SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Journal of Islamic Nursing, 4(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.24252/join.v4i2.10708
Roslita, R. R., Nurhaeni, N., & Wanda, D. (2021). Dampak Distraksi Audiovisual Terhadap Distress Anak Yang Mendapatkan Terapi Inhalasi. Jurnal Kesehatan Komunitas (Journal of Community Health), 7(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.25311/keskom.vol7.iss1.582
Rukmini, R., & Kristiani, L. (2021). Gambaran Pemanfaatan Pelayanan Kesehatan Tradisional pada Penduduk Lanjut Usia di Indonesia. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 24(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v24i1.3843
Sand‐Jecklin, K., & Emerson, H. (2010). The Impact of a Live Therapeutic Music Intervention on Patients’ Experience of Pain, Anxiety, and Muscle Tension. Holistic Nursing Practice, 24(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1097/hnp.0b013e3181c8e435
Saputra, B. E., Simorangkir, G. V., Habibah, S., Chan, F., & Noviyanti, S. (2024). Konsep Dasar Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial di Sekolah Dasar. Ainara Journal (Jurnal Penelitian Dan PKM Bidang Ilmu Pendidikan), 5(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.54371/ainj.v5i1.328
Schrijvers, D., & Charlton, R. (2022). Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues in Elderly Cancer Patients with Head and Neck Cancer [Review of Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues in Elderly Cancer Patients with Head and Neck Cancer]. Frontiers in Oncology, 12. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.769003
Sentana, K. A. R. S. (2018). PENYULUHAN, PEMERIKSAAN THT DAN PENGOBATAN GRATIS DALAM PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DAN PENELITIAN (PENITI) 2016 DI DESA GEGELANG KARANGASEM BALI. Buletin Udayana Mengabdi, 17(2), 40. https://doi.org/10.24843/bum.2018.v17.i02.p07
Siregar, G. H. L., & Subroto, M. (2021). ANALISIS PELAYANAN KESEHATAN TERHADAP WARGA BINAAN LANSIA DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN. Gema Keadilan, 8(3), 211. https://doi.org/10.14710/gk.2021.12594
Situngkir, S. U. A., Lubis, N. L., & Siregar, F. A. (2019). Factors Associated with Hypertension among Elderly in Medan, Indonesia. Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 4(3), 215. https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2019.04.03.09
Sofan, A., & Syamsudin, S. (2021). Analisis Biaya Pengobatan Pasien Stroke Iskemik Rawat Inap Di RSUD dr Dradjat Prawira Negara Serang. Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(3), 1075. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v6i3.2374
Somantri, I., Sekarwana, N., Mediawati, A. S., Ramoo, V., Yahaya, N. A., & Yudianto, K. (2021). Analysis of Standardized Nursing Languages Application in the Context of Nursing Diagnosis in Hospital in Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9, 173. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.7307
Sulistyaningsih, S., & Putri, A. R. H. (2020). Myofascial Release Menurunkan Nyeri dan Meningkatkan Fungsional Leher Myofascial Pain Syndrome Otot Upper Trapezius. Jurnal Keterapian Fisik, 5(2), 122. https://doi.org/10.37341/jkf.v5i2.231
Suryani, M. I., & Soesanto, E. (2020). Penurunan Intensitas Nyeri Pada Pasien Fraktur Tertutup Dengan Pemberian Terapi Kompres Dingin. Ners Muda, 1(3), 172. https://doi.org/10.26714/nm.v1i3.6304
Talibo, N. A., Kurniati, T., & Widakdo, G. (2019). Penerapan Bentuk Perilaku Islami terhadap Kemampuan Perawat Mengimplementasi Asuhan Keperawatan Islami di Ruang Rawat Inap. Journal of Telenursing (JOTING), 1(2), 324. https://doi.org/10.31539/joting.v1i2.966
Tsai, Y. I., Browne, G., & Inder, K. (2020). The effectiveness of interventions to improve pain assessment and management in people living with dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analyses [Review of the effectiveness of interventions to improve pain assessment and management in people living with dementia: A systematic review and meta‐analyses]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(3), 1127. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14660
Ulina, J. M., Eka, N. G. A., & Yoche, M. M. (2020). PERSEPSI PERAWAT TENTANG MELENGKAPI PENGKAJIAN AWAL DI SATU RUMAH SAKIT SWASTA INDONESIA [NURSE PERCEPTION OF EARLY ASSESSMENT COMPLETION AT ONE PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN INDONESIA]. Nursing Current Jurnal Keperawatan, 8(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.19166/nc.v8i1.2724
Vetiani, A., Wijianto, W., & Pristianto, A. (2022). Program Fisioterapi Untuk Mengatasi Keluhan Pada Cervical Root Syndrome: Studi Kasus. Physiotherapy & Health Science (PhysioHS), 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.22219/physiohs.v4i1.21864
Viola, E., Martorana, M., Airoldi, C., Meini, C., Ceriotti, D., Vito, M. D., Ambrosi, D. D., & Faggiano, F. (2023). The role of music in promoting health and wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Review of the role of music in promoting health and wellbeing: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. European Journal of Public Health, 33(4), 738. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad063
Wahyuni, D. (2019). SPIRITUAL EMOTIONAL FREEDOM TECHNIQUE (SEFT) SEBAGAI UPAYA PROMOTIF DAN PREVENTIF DALAM PERAWATAN PALLIATIF DI DESA SAKATIGA. Jurnal Pengabdian Sriwijaya, 7(3), 814. https://doi.org/10.37061/jps.v7i3.9777
Wardani, J., Rusydi, A. R., & Nurbaeti, N. (2021). Pelaksanaan Timbang Terima Pasien untuk Meningkatkan Komunikasi Pelayanan di RSUD Lamadukelleng Sengkang. Window of Public Health Journal, 714. https://doi.org/10.33096/woph.v1i6.124
Warren, A. (2023). An integrative approach to dementia care [Review of an integrative approach to dementia care]. Frontiers in Aging, 4. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2023.1143408
Wildhan, R. Y., Suryadinata, R. V., & Artadana, I. B. M. (2022). Hubungan Tingkat Activity Daily Living (ADL) dan Kualitas Hidup Lansia di Magetan. Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma, 11(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v11i1.1578
Xiao, H., Zeng, W., lu, L. tfi E., Yuan, J., Yan, Z., & Wang, J. (2025). Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in postoperative outcomes in patients on hip fracture surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01169-4
Yinger, O. S. (2017). Overview of the Music Therapy Profession. In Elsevier eBooks (p. 1). Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-48560-9.00001-2
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Rahmawati, I Kadek Dwi Swarjana, Siti Lim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
